Gist
Based on Shape
• Circular Orbit: A perfectly circular path around the
central body. This is uncommon due to various gravitational
influences, but serves as a theoretical reference point.
• Elliptical Orbit: The most common type, with the object
following an oval-shaped path. The closest point to the central
body is called the perigee and the farthest point is the apogee.
• Parabolic Orbit: An open, U-shaped trajectory where the
object escapes the gravitational pull of the central body after
one pass. • Hyperbolic Orbit: Another open trajectory, but
with a steeper escape velocity compared to a parabolic orbit.
Based on Altitude and Application
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO): Up to 2,000 km above Earth. Ideal
for many satellites due to lower launch costs and minimal signal
delay for communication applications.
• Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): Between 2,000 km and 36,000 km
above Earth. Used for navigation and some communication
satellites. • Geostationary Orbit (GEO): About 35,786 km
above Earth. The satellite orbits at the same speed as the Earth's
rotation, appearing stationary over a fixed point on the equator.
Useful for communication satellites that need a constant line of
sight. • Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO): Elliptical orbits
with a very high apogee, allowing the satellite to spend a large
portion of its time at a great distance. Used for some
communication satellites and scientific missions.
Choosing the Right Orbit
The type of orbit chosen for a spacecraft depends on its mission
objectives. Factors to consider include
• Mission purpose: Communication, Earth observation,
scientific research, etc. • Desired coverage area: Global,
regional, specific location
• Data transmission requirements: Frequency, real-time vs.
delayed • Fuel efficiency: Circular orbits are more
fuel-efficient than elliptical ones. Understanding these different
types of orbits is crucial for space missions, as they determine
the path a spacecraft takes, its communication capabilities, and
the overall success of the mission.